{"id":279868,"date":"2024-07-31T09:00:21","date_gmt":"2024-07-31T07:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dhcp205002.cbm.uam.es\/?page_id=279868"},"modified":"2026-01-23T09:21:42","modified_gmt":"2026-01-23T08:21:42","slug":"genetic-variability-of-rna-viruses","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cbm.uam.es\/index.php\/scientific-programs\/interactions-with-the-environment\/microbes-in-health-and-welfare\/genetic-variability-of-rna-viruses\/","title":{"rendered":"Genetic variability of RNA viruses"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#34609B” background_image=”https:\/\/www.cbm.uam.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/iStock-1833377669small-scaled.jpg” background_position=”bottom_center” background_vertical_offset=”32%” min_height=”352px” height=”294px” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_5,3_5″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”4″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” custom_margin=”61px||||false|false” custom_padding=”||0px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”rgba(52,96,155,0.83)” custom_padding=”50px||50px|50px|false|false” border_radii=”on|15px|15px|15px|15px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_margin=”0px||10px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Scientific Program<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_heading title=”Interactions with the environment” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”Montserrat||||||||” title_text_color=”#FFFFFF” title_font_size=”43px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”157px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

UNITS IN THIS PROGRAM
\n<\/span><\/h4>\n
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\nMicrobes in health and welfare<\/a><\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Immune system development and function<\/a><\/span><\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_enable_image=”off” background_size=”custom” background_image_height=”84%” background_position=”bottom_right” custom_margin=”||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”||0px||false|false” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”RESEARCH GROUP” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h5″ title_text_color=”#13B5BD” custom_margin=”50px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_blurb title=”Genetic variability of RNA viruses” use_icon=”on” font_icon=”||divi||400″ icon_color=”#13B5BD” icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”26px” content_max_width=”1100px” content_max_width_tablet=”1100px” content_max_width_last_edited=”off|desktop” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ header_level=”h1″ header_font=”Montserrat||||||||” header_text_color=”#000000″ header_font_size=”29px” header_line_height=”1.4em” body_font=”||||||||” body_font_size=”15px” body_line_height=”1.8em” image_icon_custom_margin=”6px||||false|false” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”||14px||false|false” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”right” animation_intensity_slide=”10%” animation=”off” image_max_width=”64px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”rgba(175,218,249,0.18)” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_image src=”\/imgs\/45.jpg” title_text=”logoRecurso 7″ align=”right” module_class=”roundedImg” _builder_version=”4.27.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_heading title=”Esteban Domingo Solans” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h3″ title_text_align=”left” title_text_color=”#008C93″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”-27px||||false|false” link_option_url_new_window=”on” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”]<\/p>\n

\nORCID<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_image src=”\/imgs\/226.jpg” title_text=”logoRecurso 7″ align=”right” module_class=”roundedImg” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_heading title=”Celia Perales Viejo” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ _module_preset=”default” title_level=”h3″ title_text_align=”left” title_text_color=”#008C93″ hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#13B5BD” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_button button_url=”#investiga” button_text=”Research” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_button=”on” button_bg_color=”#34609B” animation_style=”zoom” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_button button_url=”#personal” button_text=”Group members” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_button=”on” button_bg_color=”#34609B” custom_padding=”|44px||44px|false|true” animation_style=”zoom” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_button button_url=”#publica” button_text=”Publications” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_button=”on” button_bg_color=”#34609B” animation_style=”zoom” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_enable_image=”off” background_size=”custom” background_image_height=”84%” background_position=”bottom_right” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||15px||false|false” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”20px||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text admin_label=”resumen” module_id=”resumen” module_class=”resumen” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” text_font_size=”15px” text_line_height=”1.8em” background_color=”#f1f8fe” custom_padding=”20px|20px|20px|20px|true|false” border_width_top=”1px” border_color_top=”#008C93″ border_width_bottom=”1px” border_color_bottom=”#008C93″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Genetic variation of RNA viruses is a paradigmatic example of biological complexity, with its theoretical and practical implications. It is a major difficulty for the control of viral disease. We investigate SARS-CoV-2 population complexity using experimental and advanced computational tools. We seek to find antiviral treatments based on lethal mutagenesis to effectively inhibit virus replication.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.cbm.uam.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/foto-web-2024_EDomingo-scaled.jpg” title_text=”Imagen representativa del grupo” _builder_version=”4.27.0″ _module_preset=”default” animation_style=”zoom” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”3_5,2_5″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Research” module_id=”investiga” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|||0px|false|false” custom_padding=”3px|||8px|false|false” border_width_left=”6px” border_color_left=”#34609B” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Our previous work with the pathogenic RNA viruses foot-and-mouth disease virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) provided a unified picture of implications of virus populations consisting of highly dynamic mutant clouds. These early studies opened the way to lethal mutagenesis (virus extinction by excess of mutations) as an effective antiviral strategy that we have investigated with several viruses. Some of the antiviral agents presently used in human antiviral therapy act through lethal mutagenesis. A significant advance was made when we documented that a synergistic anti-HCV activity was exerted by two licensed nucleoside analogues, thus opening the way to improved treatments requiring lower drug doses. Recently, we have shown that synergistic lethal mutagenesis is effective to extinguish SARS-CoV-2.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.cbm.uam.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/2023-02-15-Grupo-Esteban-Domingo-05-1000px.jpg” title_text=”2023-02-15 Grupo Esteban Domingo 05-1000px” _builder_version=”4.27.3″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”60px||||false|false” custom_padding=”|||27px||” animation_style=”zoom” border_width_all=”3px” border_color_all=”#13B5BD” box_shadow_style=”preset3″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

The emergence of COVID-19 and its causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, posed a double scientific challenge, that we are currently approaching in collaboration with the group of Dr. Celia Perales (CNB-CSIC). The first challenge was to explore whether this new pathogen adhered to the tenets of quasispecies dynamics that we had established for other viruses. Given the large coronavirus genome size, and its encoding an exonuclease proofreading-repair enzyme, many experts believed (and some still do) that the degree of intra-host diversity of this virus would be limited, and so would be the impact of quasispecies dynamics in its behavior and disease treatment protocols. This first challenge has been largely solved by collaborative work of our two teams with a multidisciplinary consortium that includes M.Ds and Ph.Ds from Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez-D\u00edaz, Dr. Soledad Delgado (UPM) (assisted by Dr. Federico Mor\u00e1n of UCM and Cecilio L\u00f3pez-Gal\u00edndez of ISCIII), the group of Dr. Nuria Verdaguer (IBMB-CSIC), Dr. Ram\u00f3n Lorenzo-Redondo (Northwestern University, USA) and the consulting international company Management Solutions. We have quantified an extensive SARS-CoV-2 population heterogeneity within infected COVID-19 patients by reaching by ultra-deep sequencing an unprecedented resolution of minority mutations, present at 0.1% frequency. Significantly, by studying multiple haplotypes within patients using self-organized neuronal maps, we have shown that the incipient diversification observed in infected individuals is functionally relevant. Indeed, several mutations that arise within infected patients changed the kinetics of viral RNA synthesis.
The second challenge was if variation of SARS-CoV-2 was sufficient to pose a difficulty for COVID-19 control and, therefore, if our synergistic lethal mutagenesis approach would be useful as an antiviral design. Again, quasispecies dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 had the expected consequences: vaccines exhibit limited effectiveness, and they require periodic updating. Likewise, synergistic antiviral treatments will be required to reach adequate efficacy, and to minimize selection of antiviral-resistant mutants.
Use of neuronal networks to understand the informational contents and implications of SARS-CoV-2 mutant clouds, and the search of new antiviral combinations based on lethal mutagenesis, are the two major research lines of our laboratory. To achieve these aims we have available thousands of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from patients of the different COVID-19 waves, who display different clinical profiles (immunocompetent, immunocompromised, etc.). Also, with the support of the group of Dr. Luis Enjuanes (CNB-CSIC) we have developed a cell culture system to study SARS-CoV-2 population dynamics, and protocols to obtain virus of different replicative fitness in a cell culture environment. Since fitness is by itself a factor of antiviral resistance, the availability of high fitness SARS-CoV-2 will permit applying stricter protocols of antiviral efficacy than using standard virus isolates.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.04)” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Group members” module_id=”personal” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|||0px|false|false” custom_padding=”3px|||8px|false|false” border_width_left=”6px” border_color_left=”#34609B” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” max_width=”2560px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_code _builder_version=”4.25.2″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.25.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][et_pb_column _builder_version=\"4.25.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" type=\"1_4\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Esteban Domingo Sol\u00e1ns\" image=\"\/imgs\/45.jpg\" _builder_version=\"4.25.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" header_text_align=\"center\" body_text_align=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" module_class=\"roundedImg\"]

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edomingo(at)cbm.csic.es<\/p>[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=\"4.25.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" type=\"1_4\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Celia Perales Viejo\" image=\"\/imgs\/226.jpg\" _builder_version=\"4.25.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" header_text_align=\"center\" body_text_align=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" module_class=\"roundedImg\"]

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cperales(at)cbm.csic.es<\/p>[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=\"4.25.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" type=\"1_4\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Mar\u00eda Eugenia Soria Benito\" image=\"\/imgs\/1464.jpg\" _builder_version=\"4.25.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" header_text_align=\"center\" body_text_align=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" module_class=\"roundedImg\"]

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mesoria(at)cbm.csic.es<\/p>[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=\"4.25.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" type=\"1_4\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Brenda Mart\u00ednez Gonz\u00e1lez\" image=\"\/imgs\/3160.jpg\" _builder_version=\"4.25.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" header_text_align=\"center\" body_text_align=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" module_class=\"roundedImg\"]

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brenda.martinez(at)cbm.csic.es<\/p>[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\"4.25.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" column_structure=\"1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4\" hover_enabled=\"0\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"][et_pb_column _builder_version=\"4.25.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" type=\"1_4\"][et_pb_blurb title=\"Andrea Serrano Varela\" image=\"\/imgs\/6463.jpg\" _builder_version=\"4.25.0\" _module_preset=\"default\" header_text_align=\"center\" body_text_align=\"center\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\" module_class=\"roundedImg\"]

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<\/p>[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Selected publications” module_id=”personal” _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px|||0px|false|false” custom_padding=”3px|||8px|false|false” border_width_left=”6px” border_color_left=”#34609B” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_heading][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” animation_style=”zoom” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.cbm.uam.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Selected-publication_1_Web_ED_2014.jpg” title_text=”Image about the publication” url_new_window=”on” _builder_version=”4.27.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” link_option_url=”https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1323136111″ link_option_url_new_window=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Exploration of sequence space as the basis of viral RNA genome segmentation<\/h3>\n

Elena Moreno et al.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.23.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.cbm.uam.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Selected-publication_2_Web_ED_2019.jpg” title_text=”Image about the publication” url_new_window=”on” _builder_version=”4.27.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.0″ _module_preset=”default” link_option_url=”https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6879252\/” link_option_url_new_window=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Synergistic Lethal Mutagenesis of Hepatitis C Virus<\/h3>\n

Isabel Gallego et al.<\/p>\n

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SARS-CoV-2 Mutant Spectra at Different Depth Levels Reveal an Overwhelming Abundance of Low Frequency Mutations<\/h3>\n

Brenda Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez et al.<\/p>\n

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Incipient functional SARS-CoV-2 diversification identified through neural network haplotype maps<\/h3>\n

Soledad Delgado et al.<\/p>\n

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