The regulation of transcriptome, translatome, proteome and interactome diversity represents a key step in understanding differences in heterogeneity among organisms of similar genetic complexities. The intracellular antigen TIA1 (T-cell Intracellular Antigen 1) and its cognate TIAR/TIAL1 (TIA1 Related/Like protein) have been implicated in the regulation and/or modulation of gene expression through aspects of RNA metabolism, such as: 1) transcription, through its interaction with DNA and RNA polymerase II; 2) alternative processing of pre-mRNAs, through selection of atypical 5′ splice sites; 3) localization, stability and/or translation of eukaryotic mRNAs, through interaction with 5′ and 3′ untranslatable regions; and 4) control of main biological programs to cell viability (i.e. inflammation, proliferation/differentiation, apoptosis, stress or viral infections). Therefore, the starting hypothesis of this line of research is to understand the role played by these multifunctional regulators in the control of gene expression by adapting the human ‘transcriptome-translatome-proteome-interactome’, its expression and function, in order to survive situations of imbalance of cellular homeostasis associated with physio(patho)logical conditions such as cellular stress, tumorigenesis or aging and its associated pathologies.